LoRaWAN is a long-range wireless technology widely deployed in the Internet of Things (IoT). Sensor networks, built upon LoRaWAN, offer unique capabilities for monitoring and controlling various assets over extensive geographical areas. These networks leverage low-power wide-area network (LPWAN)

A growing trend in environmental monitoring involves the deployment of wireless sensor networks to collect crucial data on environmental parameters. LoRaWAN, a long-range, low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology, has emerged as a particularly suitable solution for this purpose due to its a